NAV JIVAN Hospital

Difference Between Pregnancy Symptoms and Menstrual Symptoms ?

Pregnancy Symptoms vs Menstrual Symptoms

Pregnancy and mensuration are the hallmarks a woman experiences in her reproductive age. The menstruation starts at her teen age and stops at menopause which usually occurs at her fifties. Menstruation and pregnancy are under hormonal influence. The hormones causes varies effects on the body which are reflected as symptoms in the woman.

Menstruation is cyclical bleeding via vagina. The uterus which was ready to carry the fetus is shedding blood when it did not receive the embryo. The uterine endometrium (the internal layer of uterus) is enlarged and secretes under the influence of estrogen hormone. Then the hormone progesterone keep the layer with out shedding. When the level of the progesterone hormone declines, the uterus endometrium breaks and flow as blood. Due to the hormonal changes, the breast may be enlarged and patient feels fullness or heaviness of the breasts. In the mid cycle, there may be mild abdominal pain due to the burst of the graffian follicle, which release the egg. Just before the menses, there will be lower abdominal pain which is craping in nature. Usually around menstruation, the females are irritable and may be mild depressive.

In early pregnancy, the absence of menstruation is a symptom. The mother feels good (euphoric). The frequency of urination will increase. This is due to the enlarged uterus pressing on the bladder. Some may feel the physiological vaginal discharge. Like pre menstrual symptom, the pregnant mothers also feel the heaviness of the breasts. Back ache, difficulties in breathing, ankle swelling, increased vomiting are the pregnancy symptoms. The morning sickness is due to the hormone hCG. The hormone will rise to the peak by the 12 week and then it declines. So the vomiting will be high in the 3rd month, then gradually settles.

In later pregnancy, abdomen is enlarged. There will be striae. The veins in the leg may be enlarged. The mother suffers constipation. The skin colour may be darkened. The areola size will be increased. Some mothers will secrete milk before delivery.

In summary,

Both menstrual symptoms and pregnancy symptoms are physiological.

They caused mainly by the hormones.

Most of the symptoms are mild and will be reversed.

In both conditions, the breast heaviness is present.

In menstruation the symptoms occurs due to lack of progesterone and estrogen.

In pregnancy the symptoms are caused by increased levels of the hormones hCG and progesterone.

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Difference Between Colander and Strainer ?

Colander vs Strainer

We make use of many types of many tools and appliances in our kitchen to separate solids from liquids. Strainer is the most common of these tools that we use to strain out tea or seeds from the juice of lemons or other fruits. However, there are many more tools used for filtration, and this is why we remain confused between strainers, colanders, sieves, etc. This article takes a close look at colander and strainer to come up with their differences.

Colander

What do you do when you buy green leafy vegetable from the market but need to wash it to remove all the dirt and dust before cooking? Of course, you wash it under tap water keeping the vegetable in a deep bowl that has holes all around its body. These holes make sure that the water keeps draining out while the vegetable inside the bowl becomes clean and free from dirt and dust. Also labeled a kitchen sieve, a colander is a deep bowl usually made of steel and has holes in it. It also has handles on its sides to allow the user to hold it under water. These days’ colanders are available in many different materials such as plastic, aluminum, and even ceramic. Colanders prove invaluable when washing fresh chicken or mutton under water to remove blood and other impurities.

Strainer

Strainer is a generic term used to refer to tools that are used to drain out liquids from solids. Imagine draining out water from your cooked pasta by your hands. You will hurt your skin badly if you do so, but if you put the pasta in a strainer, all excess water comes out without touching pasta at all. When you are trying to get lemon juice, you need a strainer to separate its seeds from the juice. Strainers usually come with a handle and are available with a wide range of mesh size. You can choose between a fine and a coarse mesh depending upon your requirements.

What is the difference between Colander and Strainer?

• Strainer is the generic term whereas colander is a special type of strainer.
• Colander is a deep bowl with holes in its body to allow for draining of liquids while a strainer has a wire mesh that the user holds in his hands with a handle.
• Colander either has handles on its sides, or it comes without handle. On the other hand, a strainer mostly has a handle.
• Colander has bigger holes in the body than a strainer.
• Strainers are available in different mesh sizes.
• Colander is used to rinse vegetables and meats while a strainer is used to separate seeds from lemon juice cream from milk, and so on.
• A colander is ideal for washing chicken, mutton, vegetable, and fruits before cooking or eating. The holes in its body and the force of tap water drain out the dirt and dust to provide clean items for cooking.

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Difference Between Facetious and Sarcastic and Sardonic ?

Facetious vs Sarcastic vs Sardonic

English is a language that contains many words that more or less mean the same thing yet these words exist together. There are examples of these words being used in particular contexts though it seems one can be easily used in place of another. One such grouping of words contains sardonic, sarcastic, and facetious. While we think that their meanings are clear to us, yet we feel difficulty in choosing the right word when speaking or writing. This article takes a closer look at these three words that refer to human emotions and feelings.

Sardonic

Sardonic is an adjective that describes a man who is making a derisive comment about something or someone. If someone shows disdain or is humorous in a skeptical manner, he is said to be acting sardonically. Sardonic is an interesting word though it is used rarely. One can make a sardonic comment, or he can act sardonically. Take a look at the following sentences to understand the usage of the word. Sardonic comes from French sardonique.

• The article takes a sardonic view of the modern lifestyle

• Why is your tone so sardonic?

Sarcastic

Sarcastic is an adjective that comes from the noun sarcasm. Sarcasm means a comment or a remark that is derisive, sneering, or taunting. Interestingly, sarcasm comes from the Greek sarkasmos that means to tear flesh as when bites his lip in a fit of rage. So a person is described as sarcastic when he is characterized by sarcasm. If he is being taunting, mocking, sneering, derisive, satirical, biting, acerbic, etc, then he is said to be sarcastic. If you are sarcastic, you will make a remark that ostensibly looks like praise though there is hidden contempt or hatred.

Facetious

Facetious is an adjective that refers to a person who jokes or makes light remarks that are inappropriate in a given situation. Flippant is the word used for such people who act or behave comic and funny in a grim situation. There can be facetious people as well as facetious remarks. A facetious remark is one that is not meant to be taken seriously. A person is said to be waggish when he is joking in appropriately.

Facetious vs Sarcastic vs Sardonic

• All three, facetious, sarcastic, and sardonic are adjectives applied to people and their remarks.
• Facetious is humorous or jesting inappropriately.
• Sardonic is derisive or full of scorn as if making a mockery of someone.
• Sarcastic is full of sarcasm, full of taunt.
• If you are praising someone that looks like a mockery, you are being sarcastic
• Sardonic is deliberately being acerbic or caustic.

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Difference Between Fear and Phobia ?

Fear vs Phobia

Human beings display a vast number of emotions. Happiness, sadness, excitement, fear are some of the many such emotions conveyed by human beings at different times according to different situations. Human beings are also subjected to many psychological conditions and phobias are one amongst many such psychological conditions diagnosed by psychologists around the globe. However, due to the similarities displayed between the two it is often seen that these two words are sometimes used interchangeably. Therefore, in order to use these two words in the appropriate contexts, one must know the differences between them first.

What is Fear?

Induced by threat, fear is an emotion experienced by living beings that affects the brain functions and which in turn causes a change in behaviour. Fear occurs in response to certain stimulus occurring in the present or in the future, perceived as a risk to life, health, security, power or anything valuable. Fear induces various reactions in human beings such as running away, freezing, hiding etc. They arise from the perception of danger leading to either avoiding the threat known as flight response or confrontation of the cause of fear. In extreme cases, this can lead to paralysis or freeze response, as well. Fear is a natural emotion driven by the process of learning and cognition. Fear can be judged as rational and appropriate as well as irrational and inappropriate.

What is Phobia?

A phobia can be categorized as a type of anxiety disorder where the sufferer shows a persistent and irrational fear of an object or a situation, going to great lengths to avoid it, typically disproportionate to the actual danger posed by it. If the situation cannot be avoided entirely, it has been noted that he or she will endure the situation with great distress that significantly interferes with occupational or social activities. The term phobia is usually discussed in terms of social phobias, specific phobias and Agoraphobia. Social phobias include discomfort in crowded areas or persistent fear of public speaking whereas specific phobias include arachnophobia which is the fear of spiders or acrophobia, fear of heights. Agoraphobia is the fear of leaving a familiar area such as home and the panic attacks that may be triggered by this act. However, phobias such as xenophobia transcend and overlap many such categories.

What is the difference between Phobia and Fear?

Fear and phobia are two interrelated words that often go hand in hand. However, the differences between these two words prevent them from being used as synonyms for one another.
• Fear is a normal human emotion triggered by threatening conditions. A phobia is an anxiety disorder.
• A phobia is an irrational fear where the reaction of the sufferer in avoiding the said cause is grossly disproportionate to the actual threat posed by the object or the situation. Fear is a rationalized and justified emotion that comes in response to a threatening situation.
• The reaction caused by fear can be managed. The reactions triggered by phobias are usually extreme and cannot be controlled.
• A phobia can be treated medically. Fear cannot be and should not be treated medically.

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Difference Between Male and Female Urine ?

Male vs Female Urine

Urine produced by the kidney, whether in a male or a female, does not differ in the production process, but there is some difference between male and female urine in their composition. Kidneys are paired organs. In female and male, the urine production process is the same. The blood is filtered at kidney glomerulus and most of the essential items are reabsorbed. Some other waste is secreted. Finally, urine produced by the kidneys will be stored at urinary bladder temporarily. The composition of urine slightly differs from male and female. The metabolite of the hormones is present in the urine. Female urine has progesterone estrogen metabolites; male may have the testerone metabolites.

Female Urine

The urethra (the outlet from the bladder ) is different in male from female. Females have shorter urethra. Because of that they have more tendencies to develop urinary tract infection. If the urine is analysed during menstruation, the urine may contain red blood cell. This is not a composition of the female urine, but contamination. As female urethra and vagina are very closely related in the opening, the pH, number of epithelial cells present in the urine may be different from male. Female urine contains hCG hormone during pregnancy. This is used to diagnose the pregnancy by dipstick methods.

Male Urine

Male urine may contain sperms if he has retrograde ejaculation. In the male, the genital tract and the urethra share a common pathway. Therefore, the sperms may be present if the urine sample is collected after a sexual act.

What is the difference between Male and Female Urine?

• The composition of human male urine and that of a female do not have many differences, though there exist some differences.
• The hormonal products and the metabolites of the hormones may vary from male and female urine.
• Because of the structural differences, the female urine may be contaminated with microorganisms and the pus cells.
• Due to the high muscle mass in the male body, the level of creatinine present in the urine may vary from a female.
• During pregnancy and following a pregnancy, the composition of urine may vary from a male in concentration and the waste products. hCG hormone that is present in the urine during pregnancy is used for pregnancy tests.

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Placenta vs Umbilical Cord

Umbilical cord and placenta together forms the lifeline between mother and fetus. These two structures are extremely important to ensure the survival of the fetus inside a mother’s womb. Placenta and umbilical cord are considered as a characteristic feature of the largest group of mammals, called ‘placental mammals’. With the help of these special structures, females can carry their developing young, internally in a uterus and nourish them until the delivery.

Placenta

Placenta is a specialized disk shaped organ that attached to the uterine wall and is connected to the fetus via the umbilical cord. It contains a fetal component, the chorionic frondosum, and a maternal component, the deciduas basalis. Placenta brings maternal blood into close contact with the fetal blood and serves as the provisional lungs, intestine, and kidneys of the fetus, without mixing maternal and fetal blood. It is also known as an organ of interchange between mother and fetus.

Placenta can produce pregnancy related hormones including human chronic gonadotropin (hCG), estrogen, and progesterone. Human chronic gonadotropin maintains the mother’s corpus luteum, while estrogen and progesterone maintain the uterine endometrium. Placenta is also important in exchanging gases and detoxifying toxic molecules, thereby protecting the fetus from toxic substances.

Umbilical Cord

Umbilical cord is the birth cord, which contains two arteries and one vein. Food, oxygen, and other chemicals are transported to the fetus through the arteries, and wastes produce in the fetus are returned through the vein. One end of umbilical cord is attached to the fetus at its navel while the other end is attached to mother at the placenta; hence it makes the connection between mother and fetus.

In humans, umbilical cord starts to develop at 5 weeks after conception and develop progressively until 28 week of pregnancy. Normally it reaches average length of 55 to 60cm and allows baby to move around without causing any damage to the cord or the placenta.

What is the difference between Placenta and Umbilical Cord?

• Placenta is connected to the fetus by umbilical cord.
• Umbilical cord evolved from the allantois whereas most of the placenta evolved from the chorion.
• Placenta produces hormones, while umbilical cord does not produce any hormone.
• In placenta, maternal blood and fetal blood come into close contact, and nutrients are transferred from maternal blood to fetal blood, while waste products are transferred from fetal blood to maternal blood. Umbilical cord carries fetal blood to placenta, while it carries maternal blood to fetus.
• Placenta is the place where nutrients and wastes are exchanged between mother and fetus, whereas umbilical cord serves as the link between fetus and placenta.
• Umbilical cord is a narrow tube-like structure, while placenta is a disk- shaped organ.
• Placenta is attached to the uterine wall, whereas two ends of umbilical cord are attached to placenta and navel of fetus.

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Diffrance between Progesterone and Estrogen ?

Progesterone vs Estrogen

A Regulatory chemical produced by an endocrine gland or an organ, that travels through the blood stream to affect specific cells or an organ in a different place in the body is defined as a hormone. Progesterone and estrogen are the two types of female sex hormones that the ovaries begin to secrete at puberty and the placenta secretes during pregnancy. Basically these hormones are responsible for producing sexual characteristics, developing reproductive system, and maintaining pregnancy in females. Both these hormones are steroid compounds and are transported in the blood as small, hydrophobic molecules by binding to a serum globulin. Like all other steroid hormone, estrogen and progesterone readily diffuse across the cell membrane.

Estrogen

There are six different estrogens in the female body, but only three of them are in substantial amounts. They are estradiol, estrone, and estriol. Estrogen promotes and maintains female organs and secondary sexual characteristics in females. It also enhances protein anabolism, promotes thinning of cervical mucus, inhibits ovulation, and prevents postpartum breast pain. In addition, estrogen maintains the elasticity of the urogenital structure and stimulates growth of axillary and pubic hair and pigmentation of the nipple and genitals. Estrogen also helps indirectly to strengthen the skeleton by conserving calcium and phosphorus and encourage bone formation.

Estradiol is the most important estrogen hormone secreted by the ovaries, while estriol is the most abundant of three other types. Estrone is produced only during the pregnant period. During pregnancy, placenta produces estrone and maintains the uterine lining, which is helpful in protecting and nourishing the developing embryo.

Progesterone

Progesterone belongs to the group of progestin and involves in the female menstruation cycle, pregnancy, and embryogenesis in humans. It also helps to maintain the secondary characteristics of female. Progesterone is a steroid hormone, which is carried by blood to target cells in the body and stored in adipose tissues, in the body. Progesterone is a hydrophobic molecule and is composed of four cyclic interconnected hydrocarbons. It is mainly produced in ovaries, adrenal glands, and in the placenta (during pregnancy).

What is the difference between Progesterone and Estrogen?

• During the period of pregnancy, estrogen develops the mammary ductal system while, progesterone improves the lobular and alveolar growth.
• Estrogen stimulates formation, development and maintenance of the female secondary characteristics, whereas progesterone helps to maintain female secondary characteristics.
• Progesterone belongs to hormone group called progestin, while estrogen is considered as a hormone group. There are six types of hormones that come under the group estrogen.
• During pregnancy, placenta cannot synthesize estrogen until the development of the fetus to the point that it releases DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) into blood. In contrast, the placenta can synthesize progesterone soon after implantation.

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Detailed about Thyroid gland and its function?

Thyroid function tests are blood tests which help to check the function of the thyroid gland. They are mainly used to detect hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) and hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid).

Note: the information below is a general guide only. The arrangements, and the way tests are performed, may vary between different hospitals. Always follow the instructions given by your doctor or local hospital.

What is a thyroid function test?

Thyroid function tests are blood tests that check the levels of the hormones (chemicals) made by the thyroid gland. Some thyroid function tests also check the level of a hormone made by the pituitary gland in the brain, which acts on the thyroid gland.

Cross-section diagram of the neck showing the thyroid gland

What is the thyroid?

The thyroid is a gland found in the neck. Its main function is to make hormones.
Hormones are chemicals which are released into the bloodstream. They act as messengers, affecting cells and tissues in distant parts of your body. Thyroid hormones affect the body's metabolic rate and the levels of certain minerals in the blood.

What does the thyroid do?

The thyroid makes three hormones that it secretes into the bloodstream. Two of these hormones, called thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), increase your body's metabolic rate. The other hormone helps to control the amount of calcium in the blood.
In order to make T3 and T4, the thyroid gland needs iodine, a substance found in the food we eat. T4 is called this because it contains four atoms of iodine. T3 contains three atoms of iodine. In the cells and tissues of the body most T4 is converted to T3. T3 is the more active hormone; it influences the activity of all the cells and tissues of your body.

How does the thyroid work?

The main job of the thyroid gland is to produce hormones T4 and T3. To do this the thyroid gland has to take a form of iodine from the bloodstream into the thyroid gland itself. This substance then undergoes a number of different chemical reactions which result in the production of T3 and T4.
The activity of the thyroid is controlled by hormones produced by two parts of the brain, the hypothalamus and the pituitary. The hypothalamus receives input from the body about the state of many different bodily functions. When the hypothalamus senses levels of T3 and T4 are low, or that the body's metabolic rate is low, it releases a hormone called thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH travels to the pituitary via the connecting blood vessels. TRH stimulates the pituitary to secrete thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).
TSH is released from the pituitary into the bloodstream and travels to the thyroid gland. Here TSH causes cells within the thyroid to make more T3 and T4. T3 and T4 are then released into the bloodstream where they increase metabolic activity in the body's cells.

High levels of T3 stop the hypothalamus and pituitary from secreting more of their hormones. In turn this stops the thyroid producing T3 and T4. This system ensures that T3 and T4 should only be made when their levels are too low.

How do thyroid function tests work?

There are several different types of thyroid function tests which may be carried out. Interpreting all the different tests is complicated as there are various conditions which can change the level of these hormones. A rough guide to the different types of tests and their interpretation is given below. However, your doctor or specialist doctor should explain individual test results.
Usually the first test to check thyroid function measures the levels of TSH in your blood. In people with hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) the amount of TSH will usually be high. This is usually because the thyroid is not making enough T3 to stop the pituitary producing TSH. If the level of TSH is high, you will usually have further tests to check the levels of T3 and T4 in the blood.
In people with hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) the level of TSH will usually be low. This is usually because the thyroid gland is making too much of its hormones. When levels of T3 and T4 are high, the pituitary is 'turned off' and the amount of TSH produced is less. If you are found to have low levels of TSH you may have some more blood tests to check the levels of T3 and T4 in the blood. These tests may help doctors to find a specific cause of the low TSH.

What are thyroid function tests used for?

Thyroid function tests are usually done to find out whether the thyroid gland is working properly. . Thyroid function tests can also be done to:

Monitor treatment with thyroid replacement medicine for people who have hypothyroidism.
Check thyroid gland function in people who are being treated for hyperthyroidism.
Screen newborn babies for inherited problems with the thyroid.

What happens during a thyroid function test?

A thyroid function test is a simple blood test. The blood sample is then sent to the laboratory for analysis, and the results are sent back to the doctor who asked for the tests.

What should I do to prepare for a thyroid function test?

Thyroid function tests usually require very little preparation. Tell your doctor if you are taking any medication as some drugs can alter the test results and how they are interpreted. It is also important to mention if you have had any X-ray tests that have used a special contrast dye as this may contain iodine which can affect the results. Levels of thyroid hormones also change in pregnancy, so tell your doctor if you are pregnant when the test is taken.